ENSLAVEMENT, FORCED REMOVAL, AND THE FORMATION OF RACE IN INDIAN TERRITORY (PRE-STATENHOOD OKLAHOMA)
READINGS- Books/Journals/Dissertations
Braund, Kathryn E. Holland.
1991. “The Creek Indians, Blacks, and Slavery.” The Journal of Southern History 57 (4): 601-636.
Burton, Art T.
2006. Black Gun, Silver Star: The Life and Legend of Frontier Marshal Bass Reeves. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Chang, David A.Y.O.
2010. The Color of the Land: Race, Nation, and the Politics of Landownership in Oklahoma. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Condray Searcy, Martha
1982. The Introduction of African Slavery into the Creek Indian Nation. The Georgia Historical Quarterly 66 (1): 21-32.
Ethridge, Robbie
2003. Creek Country: The Creek Indians and Their World. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Feldhousen-Giles, Kristy
2008. To Prove Who You Are: Freedmen Identities in Oklahoma. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Norman, Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma.
Field, Kendra T.
2018. Growing Up with the Country: Family, Race, and Nation after the Civil War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Glasrud, Bruce A. and Michael N. Searles (editors)
2016. Black Cowboys in the American West: On the Range, On the Stage, Behind the Badge. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Grann, David
2017. Killers of the Flower Moon. The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI. New York, NY: Random House.
Grinde, Donald A. Jr and Quintard Taylor
1984. Red vs Black: Conflict and Accommodation in the Post-Civil War Indian Territory, 1865-1907. American Indian Quarterly 8 (3): 211-229.
Halliburton, Rudi
1997. Red Over Black: Black Slavery Among the Cherokee Indians. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Johnson, Hannibal
2012. Apartheid in Indian Country?: Seeing Red over Black Disenfranchisement. Waco, TX: Eakin Press.
Kenner Charles L.
1999. Buffalo Soldiers and Officers of the Ninth Cavalry, 1867-1898. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Krauthamer, Barbara
2013. Black Slaves, Indian Masters: Slavery, Emancipation, and Citizenship in the Native American South. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
LaVere, David
2000. Contrary Neighbors: Southern Plains and Removed Indians in Indian Territory. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Leckie, William
1967. The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Negro Calvary in the West. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Littlefield, Daniel
1979. Africans and Creeks: From the Colonial Period to the Civil War. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
1980. The Chickasaw Freedmen: A People Without a Country. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
McLoughlin, William
1974. Red Indians, Black Slavery and White Racism: American’s Slaveholding Indians. American Quarterly 26(4): 367-385.
Mellinger, Philip
1971. “Discrimination and Statehood in Oklahoma,” The Chronicles of Oklahoma 49 (1).
Miles, Tiya
2015. Ties That Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
Miles, Tiya and Sharon Holland
2006. Crossing Waters, Crossing Worlds: The African Diaspora in Indian Country. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Naylor, Celia
2008. African Cherokees in Indian Territory: From Chattel to Citizens. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Perdue, Theda
1979. Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee society, 1540-1866. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.
Saunt, Claudio
2000. Taking Account of Property: Stratification among the Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century. The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, 57 (4) 733-760.
2005. Black, White, and Indian: Race and the Unmaking of an American Family. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Snyder, Christina
2007. Conquered Enemies, Adopted Kin, and Owned People: The Creek Indians and Their Captives. The Journal of Southern History 73(2) 255-288.
Schubert, Frank
2003. Voices of the Buffalo Soldier: Records, Reports, and Recollections of Military Life and Service in the West. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
Usner, Daniel H. Jr
1985. American Indians on the Cotton Frontier: Changing Economic Relations with Citizens and Slaves in the Mississippi Territory. The Journal of American History 72(2): 297-317.
Weik, Terrance (editor)
2019. The Archaeology of Removal in North America. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.
Wickett, Murray R.
2000. Contested Territory: Native Americans and African Americans in Oklahoma, 1865–1907. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.
Wilson, Walt
1971. “Freedmen in Indian Territory During Reconstruction,” The Chronicles of Oklahoma 49 (1).
Zellar, Gary
2007. African Creeks: Estelvste and the Creek Nation. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.